Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Ethics And Moral Reasoning - 1496 Words

FOR THE SOLDIER RULES ARE RULES Allen Henry Philosophy 208 : Ethics and moral reasoning Professor Cora Moore May 28th , 2017 INTRODUCTION I will elaborate using the deontoligical ethical theory to compare it to a soldier at war duty . When it comes to just and unjust killing in the person considered a target . I will then look at the argument from a different angle and show that how deontoligical†¦show more content†¦a soldier while in combat first try to resolve conflict and alleviate all threats first by peaceful matters and then use extreme violence only as a last resort . But never does he target innocent civilians for that would be unjust actions and be considered a war crime . Deontology as an ethical theory only deals with the act that one does and is concerned only with the act of that person . His duty is to not bring harm to innocent civilians a soldier is life is put in danger while engaged in war , but yet he has to develop a second nature that is insync with the deontology ethical theory . A soldier at all times must uphold his duty and treat all human beings whether enemy or his own country me n with dignity and respect . And in showing respect he must show compassion for non combatants and treating them as would one would treat himself and remain true to his duty even if his enemy or his captured prisoners of war would of returned the favor if it would had been him that was captured or an unarmed civilian . And when you apply this theory to a soldier’s conscience then the soldier must at all times use moral reasoning and constraints . The soldier upholds proper conduct while at war using discrimination , proportionality and necessity .Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Moral Reasoning944 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds to be applied called moral reasoning. 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Friday, May 15, 2020

Black Death in Asia The Origins of the Bubonic Plague

The Black Death, a medieval pandemic that was likely the bubonic plague, is generally associated with Europe. This is not surprising since it killed an estimated one-third of the European population in the 14th century. However, the Bubonic Plague actually started in Asia and devastated many areas of that continent as well. Unfortunately, the course of the pandemic in Asia is not as thoroughly documented as it is for Europe—however, the Black Death does appear in records from across Asia in the 1330s and 1340s noting that the disease spread terror and destruction wherever it arose. Origins of the Black Death Many scholars believe that the bubonic plague began in northwestern China, while others cite southwestern China or the steppes of Central Asia. We do know that in 1331 an outbreak erupted in the Yuan Empire  and may have hastened the end of Mongol rule over China. Three years later, the disease killed over 90 percent of the Hebei Provinces population with deaths totaling over 5 million people. As of 1200, China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague. From its origin at the eastern end of the Silk Road, the Black Death rode trade routes west stopping at Central Asian caravansaries and Middle Eastern trade centers and subsequently infected people all across Asia. The Egyptian scholar Al-Mazriqi  noted that more than three hundred tribes all perished without apparent reason in their summer and winter encampments, in the course of pasturing their flocks and during their seasonal migration. He claimed that all of Asia was depopulated, as far as the  Korean Peninsula. Ibn al-Wardi, a Syrian writer who would later die of the plague himself in 1348, recorded that the Black Death came out of The Land of Darkness, or  Central Asia. From there, it spread to China, India, the Caspian Sea and land of the Uzbeks, and thence to Persia and the Mediterranean. The Black Death Strikes Persia and Issyk Kul The Central Asian scourge struck Persia just a few years after it appeared in China—proof  if any is needed that the Silk Road was a convenient route of transmission for the deadly bacterium. In 1335, the Il-Khan (Mongol) ruler of Persia and the Middle East, Abu Said, died of bubonic plague during a war with his northern cousins, the Golden Horde. This signaled the beginning of the end for Mongol rule in the region. An estimated 30% of Persias people died of the plague in the mid-14th century. The regions population was slow to recover, in part due to the political disruptions caused by the fall of Mongol rule and the later invasions of Timur (Tamerlane). Archaeological excavations on the shores of Issyk Kul, a lake in what is now Kyrgyzstan, reveal that the Nestorian Christian trading community there was ravaged by bubonic plague in 1338 and 1339. Issyk Kul was a major Silk Road depot and has sometimes been cited as the origin point for the Black Death. It certainly is prime habitat for marmots, which are known to carry a virulent form of the plague. It seems more likely, however, that traders from further east brought diseased fleas with them to the shores of Issyk Kul. Whatever the case, this tiny settlements death rate shot up from a 150-year average of about 4 people per year, to more than 100 dead in two years alone. Although specific numbers and anecdotes are hard to come by, different chronicles note that Central Asian cities like Talas, in modern-day Kyrgyzstan; Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde in Russia; and Samarkand, now in Uzbekistan, all suffered outbreaks of the Black Death. It is likely that each population center would have lost at least 40 percent of its citizens, with some areas reaching death tolls as high as 70 percent. The Mongols Spread Plague at Kaffa In 1344, the Golden Horde decided to recapture the Crimean port city of Kaffa from the Genoese—Italian traders who had taken the town in the late 1200s. The Mongols under Jani Beg instituted a siege, which lasted until 1347  when reinforcements from further east brought the plague to the Mongol lines. An Italian lawyer, Gabriele de Mussis, recorded what happened next: The whole army was affected by a disease which overran the Tartars (Mongols) and killed thousands upon thousands every day. He goes on to charge that the Mongol leader ordered corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in hopes that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside. This incident is often cited as the first instance of biological warfare in history. However, other contemporary chroniclers make no mention of the putative Black Death catapults. A French churchman, Gilles li Muisis, notes that a calamitous disease befell the Tartar army, and the mortality was so great and widespread that scarcely one in twenty of them remained alive. However, he depicts the Mongol survivors as surprised when the Christians in Kaffa also came down with the disease. Regardless of how it played out, the Golden Hordes siege of Kaffa certainly did drive refugees to flee on ships bound for Genoa. These refugees likely were a primary source of the Black Death that went on to decimate Europe. The Plague Reaches the Middle East European observers were fascinated but not too worried when the Black Death struck the western rim of Central Asia and the Middle East. One recorded that India was depopulated; Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies; the Kurds fled in vain to the mountains. However, they would soon become participants rather than observers in the worlds worst pandemic. In The Travels of Ibn Battuta, the great traveler noted that as of 1345, the number that died daily in Damascus (Syria) had been two thousand, but the people were able to defeat the plague through prayer. In 1349, the holy city of Mecca was hit by the plague, likely brought in by infected pilgrims on the hajj. The Moroccan historian Ibn Khaldun, whose parents died of the plague, wrote about the outbreak this way: Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out... Civilization decreased with the decrease of mankind. Cities and buildings were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed. More Recent Asian Plague Outbreaks In 1855, the so-called Third Pandemic of bubonic plague broke out in Yunnan Province, China. Another outbreak  or a continuation of the Third Pandemic—depending upon which source you believe—sprang up in China in 1910. It went on to kill more than 10 million, many of them in Manchuria. A similar outbreak in British India left about 300,000 dead from 1896 through 1898. This outbreak began in Bombay (Mumbai) and Pune, on the countrys west coast. By 1921, it would claim some 15 million lives. With dense human populations and natural plague reservoirs (rats and marmots), Asia is always at risk of another round of bubonic plague. Fortunately, the timely use of antibiotics can cure the disease today. Legacy of the Plague in Asia Perhaps the most significant impact that the Black Death had on Asia was that it contributed to the fall of the mighty Mongol Empire. After all, the pandemic started within the Mongol Empire and devastated peoples from all four of the khanates. The massive population loss and terror caused by the plague destabilized Mongolian governments from the Golden Horde in Russia to the Yuan Dynasty in China. The Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate Empire in the Middle East died of the disease along with six of his sons. Although the Pax Mongolica had allowed increased wealth and cultural exchange, through a reopening of the Silk Road, it also allowed this deadly contagion to spread rapidly westward from its origin in western China or eastern Central Asia. As a result, the worlds second-largest empire ever crumbled and fell.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of Imperialism Essay

Essays on Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of Imperialism Essay The paper "Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of Imperialism" is an outstanding example of a history essay. He is certainly one of the greatest American presidents that ever lived, Theodore Roosevelt; the twenty-sixth president of the United States of America recorded several landmarks during his reign as the president and wrote his name in gold in the annals of the American history. Roosevelt made ground-breaking policies locally and internationally. In carrying out his domestic policies, President Roosevelt reassured the average citizen of the USA that they would get a just treatment in his government and his foreign policies were targeted at promoting the integrity of America and improving the lives of the citizens of other countries. He was known for using this statement ‘Speak softly and carry a big stick’, which could be simply explained as little and meaningful actions, would definitely yield good results and this happened as Roosevelt recorded tremendous success during his eight-year reign as the president (Roosevelt).Locally, he promoted the health of American citizens by signing The Pure Food and Drug Act and The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 into law. These laws helped ban the sales and manufacture of Food, Drug and Meat products that had deceptive labels and poisonous preservatives. One of Roosevelt’s foreign policies led to the cons truction of the Panama Canal as he negotiated with the United States Congress over the decision to build the canal in Panama instead of Nicaragua. Roosevelt issued an addendum to the Monroe Doctrine; a policy that made the US come to the aid of smaller countries in solving their financial problems. He also helped to bring an end to the Russo-Japanese war and won a Nobel Laureate for Peace for his efforts (Roosevelt).After losing a reelection campaign in 1912, Roosevelt traveled to South America and was infected with malaria on the trip and he died as a result of the disease in 1919 at the of 60.Imperial states in Europe tried to expand their frontiers as they sought to be in command of the trade of their colonies. In the late 19th century, Europe increased its imperialism by annexing overseas territories and this extended into Asia, Africa and the Pacific (Hobson).The European powers started this wave of expansion mainly for economic gains in order to export the excess capital of th e capitalist economies of these countries. The rise of Imperialism also was also driven by political and ideological motives. The main reason the United States of America was also involved in imperialism during the late 19th century was also due to the fact that they wanted to have an economic and political influence on the world. The US joined the imperialism frenzy in reaction to the impact the European imperialism already had on the world. They wanted to ensure that their futures were secured politically and economically, hence their decision to join the league of imperialists.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

My Trip to Africa Essay Example For Students

My Trip to Africa Essay As summer came closer and school was closing, I was planning my summer vacation until my mother had to ruin it by telling us we were going to Africa. I was terrified and, my brothers wouldn’t stop talking cause they were to excited. As the days where getting closer I been thinking about all the negative things that could happen while I was there, we packed everything we would need for the trip. The next morning we got up early and got dressed, then my aunt took us to the airport as we said our goodbyes, my stomach started to hurt and I felt sick as we got on the plane. As our plane landed all I could see was green all around and trees, bushes, and tall grass. I thought we where in the wilderness. The moment we got off the plane we had to wait for our suitcase which took an hour. I was tired, hungry and wanted to sleep but that wasn’t going to happen cause everyone were waiting to see us. The car trip was quiet long but once we arrived at the place we were staying.. After getting to know everyone they were all so nice and friendly. Then sun started to set, I was quiet surprised cause it was hot weather over there and the sun will set at 6pm, which made everyone go to bed early. The morning after we arrived and where settled in, we went on a drive around town. It was very interesting seeing goats and other animals with out their owners just wondering around town. Anyway I took over hundreds of pictures just in an hour. Later that day we went to go eat at a restaurant the food there was delicious. I was quiet surprise that there where pizza stores in Africa. After our big meal we went on a safari, we saw lions, giraffes, and camels. The giraffes were very tall and pretty. Later on our tour guide ask us if we want to ride a camel, I was scared but It sound fun so I tried it for the first time in life. It was such an amazing experience and an amazing day. This was the perfect trip. The flight home was long and. It was sad to leave but I missed my friends and was quiet happy to go back. On our flight back to Toronto we had to stop in Ethiopia to change our plane. After waiting for a while they told us to get in line. I was happy when we reach the front. Until they told me I don’t look like my picture on the passport, I tried telling them I lost a lot of weight but they didn’t believe so I got stuck there for five days with out clothing, food and only a hundred dollar bill. I was so terrified and there food was expensive and to make a phone call I had to pay three dollars for one minute. After being there for days hungry and cold they told me how they got in touch with the Canadian nimbus and I was going home on the next flight home. In the end I learned a lot of new stuff and meet new people. I thought Africa would be a horrible experience but it turned out to be great. I hope my parents would take us again. I think everyone should travel to Africa if they get a chance in there life. I had an amazing time and hope others would go.